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A Thermoelectric Refrigerator utilizes the Peltier effect to transfer heat from one side of an electronic module to the other. This module is positioned in a wall of a thermally insulated compartment. The Peltier effect, named after French physicist Jean Charles Athanase Peltier, occurs when an electric current is passed through two dissimilar conductors, creating a temperature difference between them. This temperature difference across the module means one side absorbs heat and cools, while the other side becomes hot and thus radiates and conducts this energy into the surrounding atmosphere.

The main component of a Thermoelectric Refrigerator is the Thermoelectric Module. This module consists of two semiconductor plates, typically made of Bismuth Telluride, which are held between two ceramic plates. When an electrical current is applied, one side of the module becomes hot while the other side is cooled. Heat energy is then dissipated from the hot side into the surrounding lower temperature atmosphere. The efficiency of the system is often boosted using a heat sink, with or without a fan. Otherwise simple air convection movements can suffice.

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